Партійно-політична система у Болгарії в умовах посткомуністичної трансформації

Abstract

UA : Аналіз посткомуністичних трансформацій Республіки Болгарія свідчить, що в процесі переходу до демократії структурні чинники відіграють провідну роль стосовно процедурних. Наслідки минулого, зумовлюючи політичну культуру акторів політичного процесу, детермінують характер політичних дій, здатність політичних еліт до компромісів, необхідних для становлення механізму демократії, впровадження та сталість демократичних інститутів та норм. Національна еліта відіграє надзвичайно важливу роль, має визначальний вплив на хід політичної та суспільно-економічної трансформації в Болгарії. Багатопартійність у країні стала реальністю і зумовила появу нової політичної еліти, контреліти, бізнес-еліти, що має значний вплив на розвиток трансформаційних процесів у Болгарії. Водночас і колишня номенклатура в сучасній Болгарії досягла, певною мірою, успіху у збереженні своїх елітарних позицій. В Болгарії, як і в інших країнах ЦСЄ, вирішальну роль відіграв народ. Повалення режиму Живкова, демонтаж командно-адміністративної системи перетворилися на реальність завдяки тому, що люди вийшли на вулиці та сказали «ні» тоталітарному минулому на користь демократії, відмови від планової економіки на користь ринкової, а також від соціалістичного інтернаціоналізму на користь європейської й євроатлантичної інтеграції. Наслідком посткомуністичної трансформації Республіки Болгарія стало повне фіаско соціалістичної системи та глибинна трансформація політичного, соціального та економічного життя в країні. Крах соціалізму був результатом дії низки внутрішніх і зовнішніх чинників, насамперед, суспільного характеру. Дослідження політичної посткомуністичної трансформації Болгарії показало, що процес трансформації виявив низку проблем як в економічному, соціальному, так і в політичному відношенні. Всі ці проблеми виникли через тривалий вплив Радянського Союзу на Болгарію. Встановлення в Болгарії пропорційної виборчої системи на основі парламентського правління дозволило на початку процесу посткомуністичної трансформації політично структурувати урядову владу та надати політичній системі партійного характеру. Партійна система Болгарії мала біполярну форму і характеризувалась сильною конфронтацією політичних сил. В Болгарії з 1991 р. до 2009 р. діяла пропорційна система парламентських виборів, та з 2009 р. виборчу систему було дещо змінено. Замість лише пропорційної було впроваджено пропорційно-мажоритарну систему, за якою 31 депутат обирається у мажоритарних округах, а інші 219 – за партійними списками. Входження Болгарії до Європейського Союзу в 2007 році слід вважати важливим етапом посткомуністичної трансформації.

EN : The process of post-communist transformation as one of the leading factors of the current political and socio-economic development of post-communist countries, in particular in the post-Soviet republics and some countries of Central-Eastern Europe, is an unbiased system-creating part of world politics. The choice of a planned economy in favor of democracy, the prosperity of socialist internationalism and communist ideology became the prerequisites for the post-communist transformation of Bulgaria. The modern history of Bulgaria has become a vivid example of the country's successful transition to democratic standards. This complex phase of transformation, which began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, culminated in changes in the direction of democracy and the creation of a country with a market economy. Bulgaria managed to fundamentally change the structure of domestic politics and foreign policy relations. Integration into European structures has become the main vector of its foreign policy. Bulgaria's accession to European structures led to changes in both the country's foreign policy as a whole and its European component. At the turn of the 1980s and 1990s, changes in the legal framework took place in Bulgaria, and the Communist Party gradually lost its authority in the political life of the country. It was during this period that the transformation of the political regime in the country took place. Bulgaria's belonging to the socialist camp, the rule of Todor Zhivkov, who ruled the country for 35 years and was loyal to the Soviet leadership, as well as the suppression of democracy in favor of a planned economy, the development of socialist internationalism and communist ideology became the prerequisites for the post-communist transformation of Bulgaria. These factors became an impetus for the people of Bulgaria, which played a decisive role. People took to the streets and said "no" to the totalitarian past in favor of democracy, abandoned a planned economy in favor of a market economy, and also abandoned socialist internationalism in favor of European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The result of the 1989 revolutions was the relinquishment of the ruling Communist Party's monopoly on power, which allowed for multiparty elections. In Bulgaria, protest trends were growing, fundamental changes were taking place, which became the basis for future post-communist transformations in the political and socio-economic system of the country. The result of the post-communist transformation of the Republic of Bulgaria was a complete fiasco of the socialist system and a profound transformation of political, social and economic life in the country. The collapse of socialism was the result of a number of internal and external factors, primarily of a social nature. The study of the political post-communist transformation of Bulgaria showed that the transformation process revealed a number of problems in both economic, social and political terms. All these problems arose due to the long-term influence of the Soviet Union on Bulgaria. The establishment of a proportional electoral system on the basis of parliamentary rule in Bulgaria made it possible at the beginning of the process of post-communist transformation to politically structure government power and give the political system a party character. Bulgaria's party system had a bipolar form and was characterized by a strong confrontation of political forces. Bulgaria operated a proportional system of parliamentary elections from 1991 to 2009, and since 2009 the electoral system has been slightly changed. A proportional-majority system was introduced instead of a proportional one, according to which 31 deputies are elected in majority constituencies, and the other 219 are elected from party lists. Bulgaria's entry into the European Union in 2007 should be considered an important stage of post-communist transformation. The period of democratization in Bulgaria was accompanied by the unfolding of socio-economic crises, sharp social differentiation of the population, which caused the spread of disappointment in the basic democratic values ​​and guidelines in the mass public consciousness of the country. The main problems of Bulgaria's foreign policy relations with other states are the supply and transit of energy carriers, the development of electricity, as well as European integration. Bulgaria does not consider any state as its adversary, and does not intend to be the first to use military force. It presupposes the use of the armed forces within the state to protect the population in case of emergencies, assistance to the security forces, and participation in the protection of strategic objects. The conceptual documents do not require a UN Security Council mandate to use military force abroad. Membership in the EU had a positive effect on the inflow of foreign investments. An increase in capital investments is the main factor of economic growth. The EU made it possible to use the funds of its structural funds to solve problems in the weakest areas of the Republic of Belarus. However, RB was unable to fully realize the potential investment component of catch-up development. The study showed that Bulgaria considers the USA as one of the key allies, primarily in the context of military cooperation, issues of electricity and transit of energy carriers. The geopolitical location of Bulgaria makes it possible to consider it as a potentially important element of the supply of hydrocarbons to Europe from the Caspian region, the Near and Middle East. The United States of America considers the Republic of Bulgaria a key partner in the CEE due to its consistent ally position during major conflicts in the Balkans and the Middle East, as well as relatively stable political development and rapid democratization processes. The modern history of Bulgaria has become a vivid example of the country's successful transition to democratic standards. This complex phase of transformation, which began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, culminated in changes in the direction of democracy and the creation of a country with a market economy. Bulgaria managed to fundamentally change the structure of domestic politics and foreign policy relations. Integration into European structures has become the main vector of its foreign policy. Bulgaria's accession to European structures led to changes in both the country's foreign policy as a whole and its European component. The regularities and features of Bulgaria's post-communist transformation were interesting for research, since Bulgaria was very close mentally to the Soviet Union, and the political leadership considered this relationship between the countries to be promising. When carrying out reforms in Ukraine, the experience of post-communist transformation in the former socialist Bulgaria is useful, as it started its reforms earlier and achieved noticeable results, which is confirmed by its entry into European structures. The experience of the post-communist transformation of Bulgaria was analyzed comprehensively, taking into account both achievements and shortcomings.